This book is based on my doctoral thesis, undertaken at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and Development (IHEID), under the supervision of Andrew Clapham. I am most grateful for his encouragement, excellent feedback and cogent advice at the turn from dissertation to book. His assistance made researching and writing this book an intellectually enriching and enjoyable exercise. I also thank the other members of the jury committee – Prof. William Schabas (Middlesex University, London) and Prof. Vincent Chetail (Graduate Institute, Geneva) – for carefully reading and discussing my findings and for providing me with valuable feedback. I gained a great deal from many conversations about my research in Geneva, Cambridge, MA, and elsewhere. Scott Leckie and Mara Bustelo found time to listen to my questions, ideas and doubts. I thank Vera Gowlland-Debbas, Eibe Riedel and Jeremy Sarkin for their encouragement. I owe much to Cristina Verones, who read the draft and provided useful comments, and to Kali Tal for efficiently proofreading the manuscript. I would not have been able to enjoy the research and writing without help from my friends. My former colleagues at TRIAL, the United States Institute of Peace and Amnesty International, Switzerland, demonstrated inspiring commitment. Adineh Abghari, Julio Bacio-Terracino, Annyssa Bellal, Joie Chowdhury, Ioana Cismas, Thea Gelbspan, Gilles Giacca, Christophe Golay, Mamadou Hebié, Krisztina Huszti, Tahmina Karimova, Fiona Le Diraison, Daniel Mburu, Sigrid Mehring, Andreas Th. Müller, Yasmin Naqvi, Bo Viktor Nylund, Juan Carlos Ochoa Sanchez, Pablo Sandonato de Leon, Emilia Richard, Thomas Mitchell Robinson and Deborah Ruiz-Verduzco provided advice and companionship. Antoine Buyse deserves special thanks for tracking down a hard-tofind court decision.