studies informed by close engagement with Islamic legal texts and with important issues in contemporary legal theory and policy. In this second volume in the series, co-editor Anver M. Emon theorizes the legal regime governing minority religious communities living permanently in Muslim-ruled lands, the dhimm?s. In doing so, Emon juxtaposes the pre-modern legal regime with more contemporary ones, and he provocatively challenges widely held views about the regulation of minority religious communities in both Islamic and Western liberal democratic constitutional regimes. In pre-modern Islamic law, dhimm? rules established rights, obligations and responsibilities for the members of dhimm? communities. Examining Islamic legal doctrines governing the dhimm? across diff erent legal schools (madh?hib), Emon points out that the jurists who developed the dhimm? rules shared a number of common assumptions. These include ones about the universal scope of the Islamic message, about the preferability of an imperial model of governance, and, ??inally, about the nature of the legal and administrative institutions that would keep order in a Muslim empire. These premises informed the juristic expectations about the eff ects of dhimm? rules on the dhimm? communities and on society at large. From this insight, Emon draws several conclusions. First, he argues that if we accept the assumptions that underlay the dhimm? rules, those rules would seem intelligible, appropriate, legitimate, and just. On the other hand, a person who does not share the jurists’ views about morality and society may view the pre-modern dhimm? rules as unintelligible, inappropriate, illegitimate, or unjust. Many Muslims and non-Muslims around the world no longer accept the basic assumptions that informed the pre-modern dhimm? rules. Emon explores how the embrace of modern assumptions has informed modern views of the dhimm? rules. He explains why many people in the contemporary world ??ind the pre-modern rules problematic. Finally, in a section that is sure to be controversial, Emon turns his attention to liberal democratic states and to the legal regimes that they have developed to regulate minority faith communities.