This book is about police liability and how to reduce liability through risk management. Three areas of law are dominant when it comes to liability for police/law enforcement officers, police/law enforcement administrators, and state and municipal agencies (police departments or the city, county, state entity). These include 1. Torts: Civil wrongs that are the basis of most lawsuits in general. 2. Civil rights: These may involve federal civil litigation, state civil litigation, federal criminal charges, and/or state criminal charges. 3. Employment law: Employment, collective bargaining, or labor law actions brought by or against either the officer(s) (employee) or the administration or governmental agency (employer). That is, officers may be sued for a civil tort, sued or prosecuted for civil rights violations, or have employment actions (suspension, demotion, termination, or other disciplinary action) against them. Also, administrators (chiefs, sheriffs, commissioners, superintendents, directors, etc.) and agencies (departments, cities, towns, villages, townships, counties, special tax districts and institutions, states or their other political subdivisions, the federal government, etc.) may be sued by (1) citizens or other persons and/or (2) officers (employees) for tort claims, civil rights violations, or employment law actions.