Serendipitous discoveries in psychopharmacology have been important in advancing psychiatric science, but have had only partial success in reducing the burden of disease associated with mental disorders. Current advances in neuroscience and neurogenetics hold great promise for improving our understanding of these conditions and for advancing treatment outcomes. However, with this promise comes important conceptual and practical issues, which this volumes addresses. A first question concerns how we ensure that the benefits of clinical neuroscience have global impact? Global mental health has appropriately focused on addressing the treatment gap across the world; advances in implementation science will be key in ensuring this important goal is attained. There is also a need for diverse populations from around the world to be included in clinical neuroscience research, in order to ensure that the benefits of discovery science in fields such as neurogenetics reach all communities. Priority settings exercises in mental health have correctly emphasized the importance of both discovery and implementation science across the globe. These are big, hard issues, but it is essential that they be raised.