As the2020–21pandemicshowed,cyberspaceispervasiveinsociallife,ed- ucation, business,andgovernment.Itisalsobecomingpervasiveincrimebecause so muchvalueisinplayintheonlineworldandintheinterfacebetweencyberspace and thephysicalworld.Criminalshavebeenquicktotakeadvantageoftheop- portunities providedbycyberspace,althoughtheskillrequiredtotakeadvantageof some oftheseopportunitiesisstillgreatenoughtolimitthedamage.Newkinds of crimeshaveevolvedtotakeadvantageofcyberspacedirectly,whileother,more conventionalcrimeshavechangedinthewaythattheyarecarriedout. Lawenforcementhas,tosomeextent,beenleftbehindbythesedevelopments because theyhaveweakerincentivesthancriminalsdo,andtheyworkwithinmuch tighter constraints.Theseincludeaslowlyevolvinglegalsystem,andthewayin which lawenforcementorganizationsaresiloed,atthenationalandoftenregional level.