This work has been long in development, delayed in part by interruptions in research caused by the global pandemic. For comments on the work, I thank Or Bassok, Vicki C. Jackson, David Law, and Orin Tamir, as well as participants at faculty workshops at Texas A&M University, Vanderbilt University, University of Minnesota, and the University of Chile Law Schools and participants in four online works-in-progress conferences, one organized by Micaela Heilbroner and others, another by Richard Albert, the third by Rosalind Dixon, and the fourth by the Board of Academic Advisors of the American Constitution Society. I also thank Externado University Law School, Bogota, Colombia, for giving me the chance to teach a course in which I developed many of the ideas presented here. Sebastian Spitz provided valuable research assistance in the project’s late stages when work was impeded by the 2020 pandemic. The pandemic has also made it difficult for me to provide citations to specific pages in a few of the works cited and to confirm that a few quotations have been transcribed accurately.