This book began as a doctoral thesis, which I defended at Bocconi University, Milan, and was completed during my first year working as a Lecturer at Middlesex University, London. The completion of this book would not have been possible without the encouragement and guidance of my PhD supervisor, colleagues, friends and family during these years. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my mentor Professor Giorgio Sacerdoti for supervising my thesis and bringing me to Italy with his unique PhD programme in International Economic Law. Your insights shaped and improved my thesis over the course of four and a half years and gave me the belief that it would one day be a book. Thank you.