The harmonisation of private international law by legislative measures adopted by or in the context of the European Union or its predecessors has advanced dramatically in the current century. Before the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999, the only such measures which had come into operation in this sphere were the Brussels Convention 1968–96 on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters;1 the Lugano Convention 1988,2 which extended the Brussels Convention to EFTA countries; and the Rome Convention 1980 on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations.3 In addition the European Court had begun to utilise the Treaty provisions on freedom of establishment to bring about some harmonisation in the sphere of conflict rules in respect of company law.4 By February 2015, the Brussels Convention had been replaced by the Brussels I Regulation on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, and the original version of the Brussels I Regulation5 had been replaced by a revised version.6 The Lugano Convention 1988 had been replaced by the Lugano Convention 2007.7 The Rome Convention 1980 had been replaced by the Rome I Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations