In November 2019, two police officers attended a property in Yuendumu, 300 km north-west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia to arrest a man for an alleged breach of a condition of his suspended sentence. A confrontation occurred. Hostile words were exchanged. A shot was fired, and a nineteen-year-old Aboriginal man lay dying. In Australia, on average, around seven persons are killed by police firearms each year. Why is this still happening? Surely police have learned lessons from past tragedies? Are not police trained today to use their guns only as a last resort? These questions and many more are addressed in this new and important book. By exploring the theory and practice of arming police and comparing hard data on police and community safety in four different nations, this book begins an essential conversation, one which is relevant to communities across the world. Does the routine arming of police make them safer? The evidence suggests that there is no difference to the vulnerability of law enforcement officers in those jurisdictions that do not have routine carriage. However, armed officers report that they feel safer.