This book is the product of many discussions, conversations, and exchange of views with so many people. However, I received an astounding number of intellectual suggestions for writing this book. Therefore, I unfortunately cannot list all the people here. Some of the chapters in this book were written with the effort of co-authors. I am indebted to Stephen Harris, Emi Morimoto, Hirosh Kitamura, Misato Sato, and Sayako Takizawa, at the time of writing each paper. I wish to thank them for revising and updating our papers and for agreeing to include such works in this book. From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank Akiko Hasegawa, Shuya Hayashi, Makoto Ikeya, Toshifumi Kuroda, Noriaki Matsushima and Naoki Ohkubo for regularly exchanging views with me on the debate on Japanese Antimonopoly Law and competition policy, each of whose discussions helped in formulating this book. In addition, I would like to thank Koki Kawashima, President and Chairman of Shumei University, where I belong, and all of my colleagues at the Faculty of Management and Administration. I am also grateful to my colleagues and friends at the Japanese Fair Trade Commission and Osaka University, which I used to be a part of. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for all the help they have given me. Of course, the views in this book are the author’s own and do not represent those of any organization.