David Armstrong’s What is a Law of Nature? is a beautiful book. It offers its
readers an exciting philosophical problem at the busy intersection of
metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of science – namely, what
makes certain facts constitute matters of natural law? How do laws of
nature (such as, according to current science, the fact that electric charge is
conserved) differ from accidents (such as, in Reichenbach’s example from
Elements of Symbolic Logic, the fact that all solid gold cubes are smaller than
one cubic mile)? In virtue of what is the former a law of nature whereas the
latter is a coincidence – a ‘historical accident on the cosmic scale’ (Kneale,
‘Natural Laws and Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals’)? I am one of the many
students who, after reading Armstrong’s magisterial book, was firmly in
the grip of this problem. It has never let go.
Armstrong’s book exemplifies a familiar pattern of philosophical exposition.
Armstrong begins by marshalling a wide variety of arguments
against various proposed answers to his title question. His systematic
exploration of the resources available to ‘regularity accounts’ of law ultimately
leads him to investigate the advantages of and obstacles facing
David Lewis’s ‘Best System Account’. Having sharpened the challenges
facing any proposal, Armstrong then gives his own account of what laws
of nature are: contingent relations of ‘nomic necessitation’ among properties
(i.e., universals). Armstrong works out his proposal methodically,
displaying both its strengths and its difficulties. (Fred Dretske (in ‘Laws
of Nature’) and Michael Tooley (in ‘The Nature of Laws’) made roughly
similar proposals at about the same time as Armstrong.)