It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the fundamental principle of good legislation, which is the art of conducting men to the maximum of happiness, and to the minimum of misery, if we may apply this mathematical expression to the good and evil of life…. (Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments 1764). Beccaria’s words from the eighteenth century ring perhaps even more true today. Indeed, the recent history of criminal justice reform in the contemporary USA suggests that we have not yet learned the lesson Beccaria was attempting to teach us. Without a doubt, criminologists have long argued for the necessity of prevention. But, for a variety of reasons, that message got lost in favor of a “war on crime.” The consequences of that war have been astounding. The USA became the world leader in incarceration, with unprecedented growth in the prison population and the population under correctional control (Blumstein and Beck 1999; Western 2006; Garland 2001). As of 2008, more than 2 million individuals were in either prison or jail, and an additional 5 million people were under community supervision via probation or parole (Pew Center on the States 2009).