I have been privileged to attend the annual International Conference Series on
Governance, Fraud, Ethics and Social Responsibility (IConGFE&SR) organized by
Assoc. Prof. K{ymet Tunca C¸ al{yurt who is Manager of the Social Graduate School
of Trakya University. These meetings have always provided enormous interest to
anyone interested in fraud risk management and forensic accounting. Not only are
papers presented by academics but also by regulators, civil servants, and
investigators.
Fraud and white-collar crime are prevalent across both developed and developing
countries. Both the explicit costs (in terms of detection, investigation, prosecution,
recovery, and prevention) and implicit costs (in terms of the impact they have
on the safety by which ordinary economic transactions are conducted and savings
and investment are made) are enormous.
Even though there are many cultural and regulatory differences across countries
and states these costs are always high. What may be ethically acceptable in one
country may not be in another, and what may be unlawful in one may not be in
another. In any meaningful study of the nature of the fraud and its consequences, it
is necessary therefore to understand a sufficient amount of detail as to how the fraud
was perpetrated. The cases presented here contain that.