Electronic commercial transactions have become increasingly important since the late 1990s. With the functional development of automated comput- ing systems in recent years, decision-making regarding the sale of goods or services can be done automatically between two international trading companies with standard terms without any human interaction. These automated systems can design and offer a most favourable sale package to the buyer based on the information that the buyer gives, history of choice preferences and other data sources that the seller collects such as market prices, currency exchange rates and new modules, etc. Once the supply matches the demand (it usually takes a few seconds), an international contract of sale will be automatically concluded by the automated trading systems. Although business could benefi t from such a system in terms of convenience and effi ciency, there is potential legal uncertainty with regard to the validity of automated electronic contracts.