Criminal law traditionally focuses on personal guilt. Criminal law is, it seems, intricately linked to notions of culpability, blame, and the infliction of loss on an offender. Its offenses commonly require proof of an accused person’s mental state.1 And its fundamental principles hold that criminal sanctions should address the individual responsibility of the wrongdoer without harming innocent third parties.2 With these considerations in mind, lawmakers around the world traditionally adhered to the principle societas delinquere non potest.3 Corporations could, like human beings, hold rights and duties under private law but they could not be regarded as possessing the moral faculties that would enable them to be addressees of the criminal law.4